Author: Mihir Mehta

Nanosurf’s DriveAFM is a groundbreaking product in the world of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). It’s designed with both simplicity and performance in mind and it combines cutting-edge technology with user-friendly features to help researchers achieve top-tier results in fields like material science and life sciences.

What is Drive AFM?

The DriveAFM is a tip-scanning atomic force microscope designed to deliver precise, high-resolution imaging. Whether you’re working with complex materials or delicate biological samples, this AFM ensures fast, reliable, and stable measurements. It’s fully motorized and boasts several unique features that make it stand out from other AFM systems.

Key Features of the Drive AFM:

1. Full Motorization for Ease of Use

   The Drive AFM is fully motorized, which means all optical adjustments can be done through software—no need for manual tuning. This makes it incredibly easy to set up and operate, reducing the time spent on calibration and allowing you to focus on your experiments.

2. CleanDrive Technology

   One of the most exciting innovations is the CleanDrive technology. Traditional AFM systems use a shaker to make the cantilever vibrate. However, CleanDrive uses a focused laser to gently heat the cantilever, causing it to oscillate. This method is more stable, especially in liquid environments, making it perfect for sensitive experiments. With CleanDrive, users can achieve better results in both air and liquid conditions.

3. Small Cantilevers for Faster Imaging

   The Drive AFM supports small cantilevers, which vibrate faster than regular-sized cantilevers. This not only allows for quicker imaging but also increases sensitivity, helping you capture fine details with ease.

4. High-Resolution Imaging Across All Scales

   Whether you’re examining large areas or zooming in for atomic-level detail, the Drive AFM delivers crystal-clear results. It features a direct-drive scanner, which ensures high-resolution imaging without noise interference. With its wide scan range, it’s perfect for both large and small samples, making it highly versatile.

5. Compatible with Inverted Optical Microscopes

   The Drive AFM can be integrated with inverted optical microscopes, which is a huge advantage for biological research. This setup allows researchers to view samples using both AFM and optical imaging methods simultaneously, providing a deeper understanding of complex biological systems.

Applications of Drive AFM:

The Drive AFM is designed for a wide range of applications, including:

• Material Science

  Whether you’re working with semiconductors, polymers, or metals, the DriveAFM provides precise imaging and data collection. It is particularly useful for measuring surface roughness, elasticity, and other material properties.

• Life Sciences

  The Drive AFM is ideal for imaging cells and biomolecules. It allows for non-invasive imaging, making it possible to study living cells in their natural environments. Researchers can explore nanoscale structures, such as DNA or protein complexes, without damaging the sample.

• Electrical Characterization

  This system can measure a sample’s electrical properties, such as conductivity and magnetic force. It’s equipped with special modes for tasks like electrostatic force microscopy, which is essential for studying electronics and materials that interact with electric fields.

Why Choose DriveAFM?

The DriveAFM stands out because of its combination of simplicity and advanced features. It’s easy to operate, even for those new to AFM technology, but powerful enough for cutting-edge research. Its fully motorized design means less manual intervention and more precise, repeatable results. Plus, CleanDrive technology offers unmatched stability, even in challenging conditions like liquid environments.

Learn More:

1. INVERTED OPTICAL MICROSCOPE SETUP

2. STAND-ALONE SETUP

Understanding the surface properties and wettability of fibers is critical for a wide range of applications, including textiles, composites, and advanced materials. One key parameter in assessing these properties is the contact angle, which provides valuable insights into the adhesion characteristics and surface energy of fibers. In this article, we will review and compare different methods used to measure the contact angle of fibers, exploring their advantages, limitations, and practical applications.

What is Contact Angle?

The contact angle is the angle formed where a liquid interface meets a solid surface, indicating how well the liquid wets the surface. A smaller contact angle suggests better wettability, while a larger angle implies poor wettability. Measuring the contact angle on flat surfaces is relatively straightforward, as a droplet of liquid can be easily placed on the surface. However, when dealing with thin or flexible materials like fibers, specialized techniques are required to obtain accurate measurements.

Methods for Measuring Contact Angle on Fibers

Several methods can be employed to measure the contact angle on fibers. These methods vary depending on the fiber’s physical properties, such as diameter and flexibility, and the desired measurement accuracy.

1. Sessile Drop Method

Using an optical tensiometer, the sessile drop method involves placing a droplet of liquid on the fiber and capturing an image of the droplet to measure the contact angle. In this method, the droplet must be small enough to fit on the fiber, typically achieved with a picoliter dispenser. With picoliter-sized drops, droplet diameters as small as 100 µm can be obtained, making this method suitable for fibers that are rigid enough to support a droplet without deformation.

2. Meniscus Method

The meniscus method also utilizes an optical tensiometer to measure the contact angle. Here, the fiber is immersed in the liquid, and the meniscus formed at the fiber-liquid interface is observed. This method is most effective for contact angles below 90 degrees, as higher angles result in an inward meniscus that cannot be accurately measured. The meniscus method provides valuable data on the interaction between the fiber and liquid during immersion, but it is limited in its application to higher contact angles.

3. Wilhelmy Plate Method

The Wilhelmy plate technique uses a force tensiometer to measure the contact angle by immersing a single fiber into a liquid and calculating the force exerted by the liquid on the fiber. This method is particularly useful for very thin or flexible fibers that cannot support a droplet. However, one limitation is that the diameter of the fiber must be known to obtain accurate results.

Comparing the Methods

Each of these methods offers unique advantages and is suited to different types of fibers and experimental conditions. However, it is important to note that the results obtained from these methods cannot be directly compared, as they measure slightly different aspects of the contact angle.

• The sessile drop method provides a static contact angle, though the rapid evaporation of small droplets can lead to measurements that approximate receding angles.
• The meniscus method measures a receding contact angle as the fiber is immersed and then withdrawn from the liquid, although the contact line remains stationary during measurement.
• The Wilhelmy plate method is ideal for very thin fibers, but the fiber’s diameter must be precisely known for reliable results.

Each method offers valuable insights into fiber wettability, and the choice of method should depend on the specific characteristics of the fiber and the application.

Applications of Contact Angle Measurement in Fiber Research

Understanding the wettability of fibers is essential in optimizing industrial processes such as dyeing, coating, and adhesion in composite materials. By tailoring the surface properties of fibers, manufacturers can improve product performance, durability, and overall efficiency. These measurements are critical for industries looking to enhance their material properties for specific applications, from textiles to advanced nanomaterials.

Related Products

Sigma 700/701	Theta Pico

To learn more about contact angle measurement techniques for fibers, or to receive expert guidance on choosing the best method for your application, Contact Us today.

As society seeks to advance electrification in pursuit of global sustainability goals, demand for ever-better performance from devices such as lithium-ion batteries is growing steadily. To meet this demand, lithium-ion battery researchers are seeking to gain more control of the materials used and their physical properties. Particle characterization plays a crucial role in realizing this. This article outlines the fundamentals of particle characterization as it pertains to lithium-ion battery R&D and highlights instruments used to conduct this technique.

What is particle characterization?

Particle characterization is the process of analyzing and describing the physical and chemical properties of particles. Particles can vary significantly in size, shape, composition, and other attributes, and understanding these characteristics is essential in lithium-ion battery R&D to improve their efficiency, lifespan, and safety.

Check out the applications note on particle analysis of lithium-ion batteries:

Applications note on particle analysis of lithium-ion batteries

How is particle characterization used in lithium-ion battery R&D?

The performance of lithium-ion batteries directly correlates to the properties of the materials of which they are made. Below are several ways in which particle characterization is used in lithium-ion battery R&D.

Cathode and anode materials 

Anode and cathode materials are key components of lithium-ion batteries. A partial list of cathode and anode materials includes:

Understanding the particle size and size distribution of cathode and anode materials provides insights into electrode performance, the metrics of which include:

• Capacity: The amount of electric charge that an electrode can store.
• Charge/discharge rates: How quickly or slowly an electrode can accept or deliver an electrical charge.
• Cycle life: The number of charge and discharge cycles a battery or electrochemical device can undergo before its capacity significantly degrades or it becomes less effective. It is a critical factor in determining the lifespan and durability of a battery.

The shape of particles of cathode and anode materials can affect:

• Packing density: This refers to how closely the particles are packed together. The shape of the particles can influence how efficiently they fit together, affecting the overall density of the material. Higher packing density generally means more lithium ions can be stored in a given volume.
• Porosity: Porosity is a measure of the empty spaces or pores within a material. The shape of the particles can influence the porosity of the cathode and anode materials. Porosity is important because it affects the accessibility of lithium ions to the interior of the material, impacting the efficiency of ion movement within the electrode.

Diffusion of lithium ions: The shape of the particles affects how easily lithium ions can move within the material. Different shapes may generate pathways that promote or impede the movement of ions. Efficient ion diffusion is crucial for the performance of a lithium-ion battery because it affects how quickly ions can move between the cathode and anode during charging and discharging.

Electrolyte and separator materials

As with electrode materials, knowing the particle size and distribution of components in the electrolyte (including salts and solvents) and separator materials helps optimize electrolyte conductivity and separator properties.

Binder and conductive additives

Binder and conductive additives impact electrode integrity and electrical conductivity. Characterizing their particle size and distribution helps optimize electrode structure and improve electron and ion transport.

Degradation analysis

As lithium-ion batteries go through charge and discharge cycles, the properties of the electrode materials can change. Monitoring changes in particle size, shape, and surface area over time helps researchers understand degradation mechanisms and improve battery lifespan.

Safety considerations

Particle characterization techniques can be used to study the thermal properties of battery components. Understanding how materials respond to changes in temperature is crucial for assessing and improving the safety of lithium-ion batteries.

Characterization of Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI):

The SEI layer forms on the surface of the electrodes during the initial cycles and significantly impacts battery performance. Characterizing the composition, thickness, and properties of the SEI layer is critical for understanding and optimizing battery behaviour.

Horiba Scientific instruments for particle characterization

HORIBA Scientific has 200 years of experience in developing high-performance scientific instruments and analytical solutions. It offers an impressive range of instruments for particle characterization, including the Horiba LA-960V2 laser scattering particle size analyzer depicted below.

This latest evolution in the LA series continues a long-standing tradition of leading the industry with innovative hardware and software design. The new optical design allows the user to visualize particle dispersion in real-time.

Contact:

SRC continues to offer our customers a range of innovative, high-quality scientific products and laboratory services throughout Canada for industrial and scientific markets. For more information about Horiba Scientific instruments for particle characterization for lithium-ion batteries and other applications, please contact a member of our staff.

What is Raman spectroscopy?

Raman spectroscopy is a non-destructive materials analysis technique in which a monochromatic light source, usually a laser, is directed onto a sample of the materials being analyzed. The interplay of the light and the vibrations of the molecules in the materials generate spectra that can be used to identify materials, characterize molecular structure, assess morphology, and observe dynamic processes. Raman spectroscopy requires little sample preparation and can be used in situ or ex situ.

Obtaining Raman spectroscopy measurements was a time consuming, complex process. As a result of advances in Raman spectroscopy, the technique now delivers much higher sensitivity, better resolution, and a broader range of battery R&D applications. What’s more, current Raman spectroscopy instruments are relatively quick and easy to use, allowing even those with limited science expertise to operate them effectively.

How is Raman spectroscopy used in battery R&D?

Raman spectroscopy plays an important role in advancing battery technology by providing critical information that can be used to analyze battery components, such as cathode, anode and electrolyte materials. Cathode and anode materials degrade over time, but Raman spectroscopy provides insights into their molecular structures, helping researchers measure degradation rates. Reducing the degradation rates of these materials is a key step in developing better batteries.

Raman spectroscopy helps advance understanding of the properties of both liquid and solid electrolytes, including ion transport mechanisms, phase changes, and chemical interactions. This information is indispensable for creating more efficient and stable electrolytes.

A versatile tool, Raman spectroscopy can help evaluate the degree of interaction among electrolyte ions within solutions and polymeric substances. These interactions directly impact battery performance. Additionally, the technique offers valuable insights into the composition of polymer matrices and the ways in which additives can influence their crystalline structure, another factor impacting battery performance.

An extension of Raman spectroscopy, Raman mapping and imaging helps analyze the distribution of materials on electrode surfaces, or across cross-sections. The data obtained can be quantified, giving metrics such as fraction estimates and particle statistics.

Detecting low concentrations of binder. Raman map of an anode (superimposed on an optical microscope image). The colours represent: SBR styrene-butadiene rubber binder (red); graphite (green); acetyl black (blue). The relative concentrations, as determined by the map, are, respectively: 1%, 97%, and 2%.

Operando studies of an anode. As the potential is changed, the anode’s appearance changes. The graphite G-band Raman peak also changes, indicating intercalation of lithium (shifting the peak to higher wavenumbers) and then a peak-splitting reflecting the intercalation penetrating to interior layers, rather than just the boundary layers. Data courtesy of Prof. Y. A. Kim, Shinshu University, Japan.

In situ analysis of batteries is conducted with batteries that are fully assembled and in operation. With Raman spectroscopy instruments, in situ analysis can provide information on chemical reactions that occur as batteries are charged and discharged, helping in the development of new battery materials.

After new materials are produced and prototype batteries are produced with them, it is essential to determine how these materials impact performance, and what it is that makes them either better or worse than their predecessors. This is when ex situ analysis is done, a process requiring disassembly of the batteries and analysis of their components in an inert environment using Raman spectroscopy instruments.

Understanding the Solid-Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) layer is essential for battery safety and performance. Raman spectroscopy is used to analyze the SEI layer’s composition and thickness, helping to minimize issues like capacity fading and dendrite formation. Raman spectroscopy can also be used to study the thermal behaviour of battery materials and investigate safety concerns, such as the risk of thermal runaway.

Raman spectroscopy can also be employed for quality control in battery manufacturing to ensure that materials and components meet the desired specifications, preventing defects and inconsistencies.

Supporting electric vehicle battery range performance research

Automotive R&D is increasingly focused on new propulsion technologies for the next generation of hybrid and electric vehicles (EV). At the heart of EV product development is the pursuit of extended range through motor efficiency and battery effectiveness.

Renishaw Raman technologies offer a non-destructive method of monitoring and imaging battery chemistry so that the most suitable materials can be developed and their performance limits understood. Renishaw’s inVia™ confocal Raman microscope, for example, enables automotive battery manufacturers to examine battery chemistry under a range of operating conditions (such as fast-charging and extremes of temperature) to see how the battery reacts and work out how to improve its efficiency.

Apart from R&D of lithium-ion batteries widely used to power electric vehicles, Raman spectroscopy contributes to the development of emerging, next-generation battery technologies, such as lithium-sulfur and solid-state batteries, by helping researchers investigate the unique challenges and materials associated with these systems.

In summary, Raman spectroscopy is an invaluable analytical tool for battery R&D, providing critical information about the characterization, optimization, and safety assessment of various battery components, all of which are essential for advancing battery applications.

Renishaw Raman spectroscopy instruments

Renishaw produces a wide range of Raman spectroscopy instruments, including research-grade microscopes, routine bench-top analysers, transportable fibre-optic analysers and combined (hybrid) systems. These state-of-the-art instruments help researchers gain insights across a range of battery applications. Click here to learn more.

Contact

Click here to contact SRC and speak directly with our experts on Renishaw Raman Spectroscopy Instruments.